Principles of Biotechnology and techniques

BIOTECHNOLOGY :-

- It can be defined as the use of microorganisms, plants or animals cells or their components to produce products and processes useful to humans. According to the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB), biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, part thereof and molecular analogues for products and services. The term 'Bio-technology' was coined by Karl Ereky. 

DNA

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PRINCIPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY :-

- These are based on concept of the following techniques 

(1) Genetic engeneering

- is the technique to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA/RNA), and introduce these into another organism and to change the phenotype of the host organism. 

(2) Sterilisation techniques 

- Adequate maintenance of sterile conditions to support growth of only the desired microbes/eukaryotic cells in large quantities for the manufacture of biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, etc. 

TECHNIQUES OF GENETIC ENGENEERING :-

- The techniques of genetic engeneering include the following 

(1) creation of recombinant DNA by combining desired genes. 

(2) Gene cloning and gene transfer. 

(3) Maintenence of DNA in host and gene cloning. 

The basic steps in genetic engeneering can be summarized as

(1) identification of DNA with desirable genes. 

(2) introduction of the identified DNA into a suitable host to form recombinant DNA (rDNA). 

(3) Maintenance of introduces DNA in the host and transfer of the DNA to its progeny. 

At last, recombinant protein is obtained from host through a process known as Downstream processing (DSP). 

CONSTRUCTION OF FIRST ARTIFICIAL RECOMBINANT DNA

(1) It was achieved by the linking a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a native plasmid (an autonomously replicating circular extrachromosomal DNA) of Salmonella typhimurium. 

(2) Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer accomplished this in 1972. They isolated the antibiotic resistance gene by cutting out a piece of DNA from a plasmid of s typhimurium. 

(3) The cutting of DNA at specific locations was carried out by molecular scissors, i.e. Restriction enzymes. 

(4) The cut piece of DNA wad then linked to the plasmid DNA with the enzyme DNA ligase The plasmid DNA acts as  vector to transfer the piece of DNA attached to it. 

(5) When this DNA is transferred into E.coli, it could replicate using the new host's DNA polymerase enzyme and make multiple copies. 

(6) This ability to multiply copies of antibiotic resistance gene in E.coli was called cloning of antibiotic resistance gene in E.coli.

This topics are very important for NEET 2020 students

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