Origins and population

Origins and populations

 Ecology: it is the branch of Biology which deals with the studies of interactions among organism biotic and their physical abiotic environment German biologist Earnst haeckel
1869 coined the term ecology

 levels of biological organisation 

Ecology is basically concerned with a four levels of biological organisation are given below

(1) organism:- living component of the environment at individual level and is basic unit of ecological hierarchy.

(2)  population:- the sum total of all individuals of specific in a specific geographical area please

(3) communities:- assemblage of all the populations of different species present in an area that among themselves.

(4) biome:- it is a large unit which consists of a major vegetation type and associated fauna in a particular climatic zone Tropical rainforest deciduous forest seacoast deserts acceptor etc the major biomes of India.

Environment 

An environment is termed as the sum total of all external conditions( biotic and abiotic) which influence the organism in terms of Survival and production ecology at organism level deals with the how different organisms are adapted to their environment and it is basically physiological ecology.

(1) Different biomes are formed due to

(a) annual variations in the intensity and duration
of temperature due to rotation of earth and tilt of its Axis towards the sun

(b) annual variation in precipitation (which include both rain and snow) the major biomes of the world are desert grassland rainforest and Tundra.

(2) regional and local variations within each biome lead to the formation of a wide variety of habitats.

(3) Life on earth exist in favourable Habitat as well as in extreme and Harsh habitats like scorching Rajasthan desert rain soaked meghalay forest deep ocean trenches, torrential stream permafrost polar regions high mountain tops boiling thermal Springs and stinking compost pits human intestine

(4) The biotic components of a habitats are pathogens parasites predators and competitors of the organisms with which they interact constantly are also affected.

(5) The key physicochemical abiotic elements that lead to a region in Habitat are

(a) temperature 
(b) water 
(c) light
(d) soil 

Abiotic factors

 These are the nonliving parts of the environment that can often have a major influence on living organisms
 Temperature
 It is the major biotic factor which is most ecologically relevant there is seasonal variation average temperature of land in decreases progressively from the equator to the polls and from plain areas to the mountains the range of temperature varies from   in polar areas to greater than 50 degree Celsius  at higher altitude in tropical deserts during summer in thermal springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents temperature exceeds hundred degree Celsius the temperature of the Kinetics of the body in science and does the basal metabolism and other psychological functions of the organisms are also  affected this is the reason that mango trees can not growing temperature countries like Canada and Germany is no lipids are not found in Kerala for this and Tuna fish are really caught on Tropical attitude in ocean based on tolerance of temperature range organisms can be divided as Uri thermal these can tolerate a wide range of temperature is too low thermal these organisms are restricted to a narrow range of temperature  water it is an SMS important factor without which life cannot exist the productivity and distribution of plants in an environment in depend on the amount of water available for aquatic organisms the quality chemical composition and pH of water is important salinity refers to Salt concentration measured in parts per thousand of water salt concentration is less than 5 inland water 3035 in C and more than hundred in some hypersaline lagoons please don't all lines of a range of sanity organisms can be grouped as you the headline organisms which can tolerate a wide range of salinity stenohaline  organisms are restricted to a narrow range of salinity many freshwater animals cannot live for long in sea water and vice versa because of the osmotic problem they would  face light it is essential factor for the process of photosynthesis performed by autotrophs oxygen is released during photosynthesis many small plants like Herbs and shrubs can perform photosynthesis and very low light conditions because the overshadowed by tall cannot find 30 most of the plants can also dependent on sunlight to meet their photoperiodic requirement for flooring it is also important for many animals has been used by normal and seasonal variations in light intensity and duration photo period as used for time in their for raising the migratory and reproductive activity is the UV component of solar radiation is harmful to many Origins all the colour component of the visible spectrum are not available for Marine plants living at different depths of the ocean