BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE :-
- These have made immense impact in the area of healthcare by enabling the mass production of safe and more effective therapeutic drugs. Currently, about 30 recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use over the world. In India, 12 of these are presently being marketed.
The Recombinant therapeutics do not induce unwanted immunological responses as in case of similar products isolated from non-human sources. Various contributions of biotechnological Applications in medicine are listed below
GENETICALLY ENGINEERED INSULIN :-
- It leads to sufficient availability of insulin for the management of adult-onset diabetes.
(1) When there is lack of insulin in the body, glucose is not converted into glycogen.
Hence, glucose level increases in blood and secreted in the urine, this condition is known as
Type 1 diabetes or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
(2) Insulin used for the treatment of diabetes was earlier extracted from the pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs. This caused allergy or other reactions in some patients, due to an immune response elicited in their body.
(3) Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains, i.e. Chain-A and B linked together by disulphide bridges. Chain-A contains 21,while chain-B contains 30 amino acids.
(4) In mammals, insulin is synthesised as a prohormone, i.e. It needs to be processed before it becomes fully mature and function and hormones. This prohormones contains an extra stretch called the C peptide (33 amino acids). This is also known as Pro insulin.
(5) C peptide is not present in the mature insulin removed during maturation into insulin. Thus the main challenge for the production of insulin assembled into a mature form.
(6) Eli lily an American company in 1983,prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B chains of human insulin and introduced them in the plasmids of E.coli to produce insulin chains. Chains-A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulphide bonds to form human insulin.
(7) Insulin cannot be orally administrator to diabetic people because it is a protein hormone So, it will be digested in stomach and will not be effective anymore.
Vaccines produced through genetic engineering are called recombinant vaccines or 'subunit vaccines' for 2nd generation vaccines'example hepatitis - B.
These are of two types
(1) Protein Vaccines are based on the use of specific protein produced by rDNA.
(2) DNA vaccines are based on the use of genetically engineered DNA that is injected in the body to produce and immunological response.
is a collection of methods that allows
correction of gene defects, diagnosed in a child or embryo.
(1) in gene therapy, genes are inserted into a person's cells and tissues to treat a disease.
(2) correction of genetic defect involves delivery of a normal gene into the individual or embryo to take over the function or compensate for the non functional gene
(3) first gene therapy was given to a 4 year old girl with Adenosine Deaminase(ADA) the deficiency M Blease and WF Andresco in 1990s.
(4) ADA is caused due to the deletion of the gene for adenosine Deaminase. This enzyme is very essential for immune system to function.
(5) In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy.
These two approaches are not completely curative.
Steps involved in gene Therapy of ADA are as follows
(1)In first step of gene therapy Lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in culture outside the body
A functional ADA cDNA (using a retroviral vector) is then introduced into these Lymphocytes which are subsequently returned to the patient these cells now produce ADA in the body.
(3) As these cells are not Immortal the patient requires periodic infusion of such genetically engineered Lymphocytes.
(4) if the gene isolated from bone marrow cells producing ADA is introduced into cells at early embryonic stages. It could be a permanent cure.
(5) some other diseases that can be treated by gene therapy are haemophilia.,cystic fibrosis,Parkinson's disease, etc.
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It Helps to solve the problem of early diagnosis and treatment of diseases
(1) using conventional methods of diagnosis (serum and urine analysis), early detection of diseases is not possible.
(2) to overcome this problem some molecular diagnosis techniques were developed that provide early detection of diseases. These are as follows
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
It helps in early detection of diseases or pathogens by the amplification of their nucleic acid.
Low concentration of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc.) in the blood does not allow its detection, by conventional methods. PCR can amplify nucleic acids of such pathogens 3ven when their concentration is very low (at a time when the symptoms of diseases are not yet visible).
For example, PCR technique can be used for detecting HIV in suspected AIDS patients, genetic mutations in suspected cancer patients anf in identifying genetic disorders.
(6) Eli lily an American company in 1983,prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B chains of human insulin and introduced them in the plasmids of E.coli to produce insulin chains. Chains-A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulphide bonds to form human insulin.
(7) Insulin cannot be orally administrator to diabetic people because it is a protein hormone So, it will be digested in stomach and will not be effective anymore.
Production of vaccines Through Genetic Engineering
Vaccines produced through genetic engineering are called recombinant vaccines or 'subunit vaccines' for 2nd generation vaccines'example hepatitis - B.
These are of two types
(1) Protein Vaccines are based on the use of specific protein produced by rDNA.
(2) DNA vaccines are based on the use of genetically engineered DNA that is injected in the body to produce and immunological response.
Gene Therapy
is a collection of methods that allows
correction of gene defects, diagnosed in a child or embryo.
(1) in gene therapy, genes are inserted into a person's cells and tissues to treat a disease.
(2) correction of genetic defect involves delivery of a normal gene into the individual or embryo to take over the function or compensate for the non functional gene
(3) first gene therapy was given to a 4 year old girl with Adenosine Deaminase(ADA) the deficiency M Blease and WF Andresco in 1990s.
(4) ADA is caused due to the deletion of the gene for adenosine Deaminase. This enzyme is very essential for immune system to function.
(5) In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy.
These two approaches are not completely curative.
Steps involved in gene Therapy of ADA are as follows
(1)In first step of gene therapy Lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in culture outside the body
A functional ADA cDNA (using a retroviral vector) is then introduced into these Lymphocytes which are subsequently returned to the patient these cells now produce ADA in the body.
(3) As these cells are not Immortal the patient requires periodic infusion of such genetically engineered Lymphocytes.
(4) if the gene isolated from bone marrow cells producing ADA is introduced into cells at early embryonic stages. It could be a permanent cure.
(5) some other diseases that can be treated by gene therapy are haemophilia.,cystic fibrosis,Parkinson's disease, etc.
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Molecular Diagnosis:
It Helps to solve the problem of early diagnosis and treatment of diseases
(1) using conventional methods of diagnosis (serum and urine analysis), early detection of diseases is not possible.
(2) to overcome this problem some molecular diagnosis techniques were developed that provide early detection of diseases. These are as follows
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
It helps in early detection of diseases or pathogens by the amplification of their nucleic acid.
Low concentration of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc.) in the blood does not allow its detection, by conventional methods. PCR can amplify nucleic acids of such pathogens 3ven when their concentration is very low (at a time when the symptoms of diseases are not yet visible).
For example, PCR technique can be used for detecting HIV in suspected AIDS patients, genetic mutations in suspected cancer patients anf in identifying genetic disorders.
Recombinant DNA Technology :
It is modern molecular diagonistic technique. It is done in the following steps
A single standard DNA or RNA tagged with a radioactive molecule called probe is allowed to hybridise to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells. Probes are very short fragments (15-30bp).The cells are then detected by autoradiography. The clone having mutated gene will not appear on the photographic film, because the probe will not have complementary with the mutated gene.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent asaay [ELISA]
It is based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction. Infection by pathogen can be detected by presence of antigens (proteins, glycoproteins, etc.) or by detecting the antibodies synthesized against the pathogens. ELISA was the first screening test widely used for HIV because of its high sensitivity.
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